Giardiasis

What Is Giardiasis?

Giardiasis is an illness that affects the digestive tract (stomach and intestines). It's one of the top causes of diarrhea in the United States.

What Causes Giardiasis?

Giardiasis (jee-are-DYE-uh-sis) is caused by the microscopic Giardia parasite. The parasite attaches itself to the lining of the small intestines in humans, where it causes diarrhea and interferes with the body's absorption of fats and carbohydrates from digested foods.

Is Giardiasis Contagious?

Giardiasis is very contagious, and can spread easily among families. In childcare centers or any facility caring for a group of people, or people who are traveling, giardiasis can easily pass from person to person.

How Does Giardiasis Spread?

Giardiasis spreads through water or food contaminated with the stool (poop) of someone who's infected. Animals (mainly dogs and beavers) who have giardiasis also can pass the parasite in their stool. The stool can then contaminate public water supplies, community swimming pools, and water sources like lakes and streams.

Uncooked foods that have been rinsed in contaminated water and surfaces contaminated by stool (for instances, diaper pails and toilet handles) also can spread the infection.

The Giardia parasite can survive the normal amounts of chlorine used to purify community water supplies, and can live for more than 2 months in cold water. As few as 10 of the microscopic parasites in a glass of water can cause severe giardiasis in a person who drinks it.

Who Gets Giardiasis?

In developing countries, giardiasis is a major cause of epidemic childhood diarrhea. But even people in developed countries can get the infection, especially children younger than 5.

Young kids are more likely to have giardiasis than adults. So some experts think that our bodies gradually develop some form of immunity to the parasite as we get older. But it isn't unusual for an entire family to be infected, with some family members having diarrhea, some just crampy abdominal pains, and others with no symptoms.

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Giardiasis?

Many people with giardiasis have no signs or symptoms of illness, even though the parasite is living in their intestines.

When the parasite does cause symptoms, the illness usually begins with severe watery diarrhea. Giardiasis affects the body's ability to absorb fats from the diet, so the diarrhea contains unabsorbed fats. That means that the diarrhea floats, is shiny, and smells very bad.

Other symptoms include:

• abdominal cramps
• low energy (malaise)
• lots of intestinal gas
• an enlarged belly from the gas
• loss of appetite
• nausea and vomiting
• sometimes a low-grade fever

These symptoms may last for 5 to 7 days or longer. If they last longer, a child may lose weight or show other signs of poor nutrition.

Sometimes, after acute (or short-term) symptoms of giardiasis pass, the disease begins a chronic (or more lasting) phase. Symptoms of chronic giardiasis include:

• periods of intestinal gas
• belly pain in the area above the navel (belly button)
• poorly formed, "mushy" bowel movements (poop)
• weight loss
• extreme tiredness

How Is Giardiasis Diagnosed?

Doctors confirm the diagnosis of giardiasis by taking stool samples that are checked for Giardia parasites. Several samples may be needed before the parasites are found. For that reason, the doctor might order a much more sensitive test, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or ELISA test.

Less often, doctors make the diagnosis by looking at the lining of the small intestine with an instrument called an endoscope and taking samples from inside the intestine to be checked in a lab. This is done in more extreme cases, when a definite cause for the diarrhea hasn't been found.

How Is Giardiasis Treated?

Giardiasis is treated with prescription medicines that kill the parasites. Treatment takes about 5 to 7 days, and the medicine is usually given as a liquid. Some of these medicines may have side effects, so your doctor will tell you what to watch for.

If your child has giardiasis, be sure to give all doses on schedule for as long as your doctor directs. This will help your child recover faster and will kill parasites that might infect others in your family. Encourage all family members to wash their hands well and often, especially after using the bathroom and before eating.

A child who has diarrhea from giardiasis may lose too much fluid in the stool and become dehydrated. Make sure the child drinks plenty of liquids but no caffeinated beverages or juice, as they make the body lose water faster.

Ask the doctor before you give your child any nonprescription drugs for cramps or diarrhea because these medicines may mask symptoms and interfere with treatment.

How Long Does Giardiasis Last?

In most cases, treatment with 5 to 7 days of antiparasitic medicine will help kids recover within a week's time. Medicine also shortens the time that they're contagious. If giardiasis isn't treated, symptoms can last up to 6 weeks or longer.

Can Giardiasis Be Prevented?

Some food safety and hygiene precautions can help prevent giardiasis. To help protect your family:

• Drink only from water supplies that have been approved by local health authorities.
• Bring your own water when you go camping or hiking. Never drink from sources like mountain streams. Or boil water for at least 10 minutes.
• Wash raw fruits and vegetables well before you eat them.
• Wash your hands well before you cook food for yourself or for your family.
• Teach kids to wash their hands after every trip to the bathroom and especially before eating.
• Wash your hands often if you're caring for someone who has giardiasis.
• Have your kids wash their hands well after handling anything in "touch tanks" in aquariums, a potential source of giardiasis.
• Always wash hands well after changing a diaper.
• Have your water checked on a regular basis if it comes from a well.

Also, it's questionable whether infants and toddlers still in diapers should be sharing public pools. But they definitely should not if they're having diarrhea or loose stools (poop).

When Should I Call the Doctor?

Call the doctor if your child has:

• lots of diarrhea, especially if he or she also has a fever and/or belly pain
• blood in the diarrhea
• occasional, small episodes of diarrhea that continue for several days, especially if your child doesn't want to eat much and is either losing weight or isn't gaining weight as expected