What Is Poland Syndrome? Poland syndrome is a condition where a child is born with missing or underdeveloped chest muscles. The shoulder, arm, and hand also can be involved. Usually only one side of the body is affected. What Causes Poland Syndrome? The cause of Poland syndrome is unknown. It may be from a blockage of blood flow to the chest, shoulder, arm, and hand muscles while a baby is developing in the womb. Who Gets Poland Syndrome? Most of the time, Poland syndrome happens sporadically. This means it's not inherited from a parent. It is more common in males than females. What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Poland Syndrome? Sometimes, Poland syndrome is barely noticeable. In other cases, it can be quite severe. The condition can be apparent at birth or not noticed until puberty. Signs of Poland syndrome include: missing or underdeveloped chest and shoulder muscles abnormal ribs that sometimes can lead to breathing problems breast or nipple abnormalities missing or abnormally placed underarm hair hand abnormalities such as short or fused fingers shortened forearm bones heart, lung, or kidney abnormalities How Is Poland Syndrome Diagnosed? Health care providers diagnose Poland syndrome based on a physical exam. If needed, they might also order tests such as: blood tests chest X-ray computed tomography (CT) scan electrocardiogram (ECG) to test heart function pulmonary function tests to check the lungs genetic testing to look for related syndromes How Is Poland Syndrome Treated? Treatment for Poland syndrome usually is based on how severe it is. It may include: implants or injections to fill out the underdeveloped chest area hand surgery to create the most useful hand surgery on the ribs to help with breathing problems Looking Ahead Mild Poland syndrome usually does not need treatment. But when the condition is very noticeable or causes other problems, treatment may help and can improve a child's physical and emotional well-being. Back to Articles Related Articles Chest Wall Disorder: Pectus Carinatum Pectus carinatum, sometimes called pigeon chest, is a deformity of the chest wall in which the chest juts out. Read More Chest Wall Disorder: Pectus Excavatum Pectus excavatum is a deformity of the chest wall that causes several ribs and the breastbone to grow abnormally, giving the chest a "caved-in" appearance. Read More Pectus Excavatum: Vacuum Bell Device Health care providers sometimes suggest that kids use a vacuum bell to help correct pectus excavatum, a condition that causes a caved-in chest. Read More CAT Scan: Chest A chest CAT scan is a painless test that uses a special X-ray machine to take black-and-white pictures of a patient's lungs, heart, blood vessels, airway passages, ribs and lymph nodes. Read More X-Ray Exam: Chest A chest X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to take a picture of a person's chest, including the heart, lungs, diaphragm, lymph nodes, upper spine, ribs, collarbone, and breastbone. Read More Bones, Muscles, and Joints Without bones, muscles, and joints, we couldn't stand, walk, run, or even sit. The musculoskeletal system supports our bodies, protects our organs from injury, and enables movement. Read More Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. © 1995-2021 KidsHealth®. All rights reserved. Images provided by The Nemours Foundation, iStock, Getty Images, Veer, Shutterstock, and Clipart.com.